Effect on hospital incentive payments and quality performance of a hospital pay for performance (P4P) programme in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Belgium initiated a hospital pay for performance (P4P) programme after a decade of fixed bonus budgets for "quality and safety contracts". This study examined the effect of P4P on hospital incentive payments, performance on quality measures, and the association between changes in quality performance and incentive payments over time. METHODS: The Belgian government provided information on fixed bonus budgets in 2013-2017 and hospital incentive payments as well as hospital performance on quality measures for the P4P programmes in 2018-2020. Descriptive analyses were conducted to map the financial repercussion between the two systems. A difference-in-difference analysis evaluated the association between quality indicator performance and received incentive payments over time. RESULTS: Data from 87 acute-care hospitals were analyzed. In the transition to a P4P programme, 29% of hospitals received lower incentive payments per bed. During the P4P years, quality performance scores increased yearly for 55% of hospitals and decreased yearly for 5% of hospitals. There was a significant larger drop in incentive payments for hospitals that scored above median with the start of the P4P programme. CONCLUSIONS: The transition from fixed bonus budgets for quality efforts to a new incentive payment in a P4P programme has led to more hospitals being financially impacted, although the effect is marginal given the small P4P budget. Quality indicators seem to improve over the years, but this does not correlate with an increase in reward per bed for all hospitals due to the closed nature of the budget.

The FlaQuM-Quickscan: A starting point to include primary care professionals' perspectives in the evaluation of hospital quality priorities.

INTRODUCTION: Today, primary care professionals' (PCPs) perspectives on hospital quality are unknown when evaluating hospital quality priorities. The aims of the present study were to identify key healthcare quality attributes from PCPs' perspective, to validate an instrument that measures PCPs' experiences of healthcare quality multidimensionally and to define hospital quality priorities based on PCPs' experiences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Focus groups with PCPs were conducted to identify quality attributes through a qualitative in-depth analysis. A multicentre study of 18 hospitals was used to quantitatively assess construct, discriminant and criterion validity of the FlaQuM-Quickscan, an instrument that measures 'Healthcare quality for patients and kin' (part 1) and 'Healthcare quality for professionals' (part 2). To set quality priorities, scores on quality domains were analyzed descriptively and between-hospital variation was examined by evaluating differences in hospitals' mean scores on the quality domains using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Identified key attributes largely corresponded with Lachman's multidimensional quality model. Including 'Communication' as a new quality domain was recommended. The FlaQuM-Quickscan was completed by 550 PCPs. Confirmatory factor analyses showed reasonable to good fit, except for the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) in part 2. The 'Equity' domain scored the highest in parts 1 and 2. Domains 'Kin-centred care' and 'Accessibility and timeliness' scored the lowest in part 1 and 'Resilience' and 'Partnership and co-production' in part 2. Significant variation in hospitals' mean scores was observed for eleven domains in part 1 and sixteen domains in part 2. CONCLUSIONS: The results gained a better understanding of PCPs' perspective on quality. The FlaQuM-Quickscan is a valid instrument to measure PCPs' experiences of hospital quality. Identified priorities indicate that hospital management should focus on multifaceted quality strategies, including technical domains, person-and kin-centredness, core values and catalysts.

A mixed methods multiple case study to evaluate the implementation of a care pathway for colorectal cancer surgery using extended normalization process theory.

BACKGROUND: Specific factors that facilitate or prevent the implementation of enhanced recovery protocols for colorectal cancer surgery have been described in previous qualitative studies. This study aims to perform a concurrent qualitative and quantitative evaluation of factors associated with successful implementation of a care pathway (CP) for patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. METHODS: This comparative mixed methods multiple case study was based on a sample of 10 hospitals in 4 European countries that implemented a specific CP and performed pre- and post-implementation measurements. In-depth post-implementation interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals who were directly involved. Primary outcomes included protocol adherence and improvement rate. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS) and self-rated protocol adherence. The hospitals were ranked based on these quantitative findings, and those with the highest and lowest scores were included in this study. Qualitative data were summarized on a per-case basis using extended Normalization Process Theory (eNPT) as theoretical framework. The data were then combined and analyzed using joint display methodology. RESULTS: Data from 381 patients and 30 healthcare professionals were included. Mean protocol adherence rate increased from 56 to 62% and mean LOS decreased by 2.1 days. Both measures varied greatly between hospitals. The two highest-ranking hospitals and the three lowest-ranking hospitals were included as cases. Factors which could explain the differences in pre- and post-implementation performance included the degree to which the CP was integrated into daily practice, the level of experience and support for CP methodology provided to the improvement team, the intrinsic motivation of the team, shared goals and the degree of management support, alignment of CP development and hospital strategy, and participation of relevant disciplines, most notably, physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Overall improvement was achieved but was highly variable among the 5 hospitals evaluated. Specific factors involved in the implementation process that may be contributing to these differences were conceptualized using eNPT. Multidisciplinary teams intending to implement a CP should invest in shared goals and teamwork and focus on integration of the CP into daily processes. Support from hospital management directed specifically at quality improvement including audit may likewise facilitate the implementation process. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02965794 . US National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov . Registered 4 August 2014.

Defensive practices among non-medical health professionals: An overview of the scientific literature.

INTRODUCTION: Defensive medicine (DM) is used when a doctor deviates from good practices to prevent complaints from patients or caregivers. This is a structured phenomenon that may not only affect the physician, but all healthcare personnel. The aim of this review was to determine whether DM is also performed by Non-Medical Health Professionals (NMHP), and the reasons, features, and effects of NMHP-DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, and specific inclusion criteria were used to search for relevant documents published up to 12 April 2018 in the main biomedical databases. RESULTS: A total of 91 potentially relevant studies were identified. After the removal of duplicates, 72 studies were screened for eligibility, separately by two of the authors. Finally, 14 qualitative and quantitative studies were considered relevant for the purpose of the present review. These last studies were assessed for their methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS: NMHP-DM is quite similar to DM practiced by doctors, and is mainly caused by fear of litigation. Midwives and nursing personnel practiced both active and passive DM, such as over-investigation, over-treatment, and avoidance of high-risk patients. NMHP-DM could increase risks for patient health, costs, risk of burnout for healthcare employees. Further studies are needed to better understand prevalence and features of NMHP-DM in all health professional fields, in order to apply appropriate preventive strategies to contrast DM among health care personnel.

Achieving quadruple aim goals through clinical networks: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical Networks are complex interventions that enable healthcare professionals from various disciplines to work in a coordinated manner in the context of multiple care settings, to provide a high quality response to a specific disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate if clinical networks are able to improve effectiveness, efficiency, patients' satisfaction and professionals' behavior in the health care settings, namely the "quadruple aim" quality goals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of documents published until February 28, 2018, in Medline, Embase and CINAHL was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach. A specific research strategy was created to identify studies evaluating effectiveness, efficiency, patient satisfaction and professionals well-being obtained through clinical networks implementation. RESULTS: 14249 studies were identified; 12 of these were eligible to the evaluation of "Quadruple Aim" outcomes. 9 studies focused on patients' outcomes improvement and 4 on network efficiency. Professionals' and patients' experience were not considered in any study. CONCLUSIONS: There are some evidences that clinical network can improve patients' outcomes and health funds allocation in a small number of moderate-low quality studies. Further rigorous studies are needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate patients' and professionals' experience, taking into account also networks' structural features that could influence outcomes achievement.

Burnout in Belgian physicians and nurses.

BACKGROUND: Burnout in healthcare is a worldwide problem. However, most studies focus narrowly on work-related factors and outcomes in one health profession or speciality. AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of burnout and its association with job demands, job resources, individual well-being, work-related attitudes and behaviour in physicians and nurses across different specialties. METHODS: Multi-centre cross-sectional study of physicians and nurses working in Belgian hospitals. An electronic questionnaire was used to assess job demands (e.g. workload), job resources (e.g. autonomy) and indicators of well-being, work-related attitudes and behaviours. Structural equation modelling was used to examine interrelationships between explanatory variables and outcomes. RESULTS: 1169 physicians and 4531 nurses participated; response rate 26%. High scores (>75th percentile in reference group of Dutch health care workers) were seen in 6% of the sample on three burnout dimensions (i.e. emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal competence) and in 13% for at least two dimensions. In contrast to the other dimensions, emotional exhaustion strongly related to almost all variables examined in the model. Positive associations were seen with workload, role conflicts, emotional burden and work-home interference and negative associations with learning and development opportunities and co-worker support. Emotional exhaustion correlated negatively with well-being, turnover intention, being prepared and able to work until retirement age, medication use, absenteeism and presenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related factors were critical correlates of emotional exhaustion, which strongly related to poor health and turnover intention. Randomized controlled trials are suggested to underpin the effectiveness of interventions tackling job stressors and promoting job resources.

Becoming a "second victim" in health care: Pathway of recovery after adverse event.

INTRODUCTION: The healthcare worker involved in an unanticipated adverse patient event can become second victim. These workers suffer physically and psycho-socially and try to overcome the post-event emotional stress by obtaining emotional support in a variety of ways. The goal of this research was to study second victims among health care providers in Italy. METHODS: This contribution contains the results of 33 interviews of nurses, physicians and other healthcare workers. After institutional approval, the semi-structured interview, composed of 25 questions, was translated from English into Italian. The audio-interviews were transcribed on paper verbatim by the interviewer. It was then verified if the interviewees experienced the six post-event stages of second victim recovery previously described within the literature. RESULTS: The interviewees described the post-event recovery stages described by literature but stages were not detailed in the exact succession order as the American study. All participants clearly remembered the adverse event and referred the physical and psycho-social symptoms. The psychological support obtained by second victims was described as poor and inefficient. DISCUSSION: The post-event recovery pathway is predictable but not always clearly respected as defined within this Italian sample. Future study of the second-victim phenomenon and desired supportive interventions is necessary to understand the experience and interventions to mitigate harm of future clinicians. Every day healthcare workers become second victims and, considering that human resources are the most important heritage of healthcare infrastructures, after an adverse event it is very important to execute valid interventional programs to support and train these workers.

The determinants of defensive medicine in Italian hospitals: The impact of being a second victim.

BACKGROUND: Defensive medicine affects healthcare systems worldwide. The concerns and perception about medical liability could lead practitioners to practise defensive medicine. Second victim is a healthcare worker involved in an unanticipated adverse patient event. The role of being second victim and the other possible determinants for defensive medicine is mostly unclear. OBJECTIVE: To study the condition of being second victim as a possible determinants of defensive medicine among Italian hospital physicians. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A secondary analysis of the database of the national survey study on the prevalence and the costs of defensive medicine in Italy that was carried out between April 2014 and June 2014 in 55 Italian hospitals was performed for this study. The demographic section of the questionnaire was selected including the physician's age, gender, specialty, activity volume, grade and the variable being a second victim after an adverse event. RESULTS: A total sample of 1313 physicians (87.5% response rate) was used in the data analyses. Characteristics of the participants included a mean age 49.2 of years and 19.4 average years of experience. The most prominent predictor for practising defensive medicine was the physicians' experience of being a second victim after an adverse event (OR=1.88; 95%CI, 1.38-2.57). Other determinants included age, years of experience, activity volume and risk of specialty. CONCLUSIONS: Malpractice reform, effective support to second victims in hospitals together with a systematic use of evidence-based clinical guidelines, emerged as possible recommendations for reducing defensive medicine.

Becoming a 'second victim' in health care: Pathway of recovery after adverse event / Convertirse en 'segunda víctima' en asistencia sanitaria: la vía de la recuperación después de un episodio adverso

Introduction. The healthcare worker involved in an unanticipated adverse patient event can become second victim. These workers suffer physically and psycho-socially and try to overcome the post-event emotional stress by obtaining emotional support in a variety of ways. The goal of this research was to study second victims among health care providers in Italy. Methods. This contribution contains the results of 33 interviews of nurses, physicians and other healthcare workers. After institutional approval, the semi-structured interview, composed of 25 questions, was translated from English into Italian. The audio-interviews were transcribed on paper verbatim by the interviewer. It was then verified if the interviewees experienced the six post-event stages of second victim recovery previously described within the literature. Results. The interviewees described the post-event recovery stages described by literature but stages were not detailed in the exact succession order as the American study. All participants clearly remembered the adverse event and referred the physical and psycho-social symptoms. The psychological support obtained by second victims was described as poor and inefficient. Discussion. The post-event recovery pathway is predictable but not always clearly respected as defined within this Italian sample. Future study of the second-victim phenomenon and desired supportive interventions is necessary to understand the experience and interventions to mitigate harm of future clinicians. Every day healthcare workers become second victims and, considering that human resources are the most important heritage of healthcare infrastructures, after an adverse event it is very important to execute valid interventional programs to support and train these workers (AU)

Introducción. El trabajador sanitario implicado en un episodio adverso imprevisto de un paciente puede convertirse en la segunda víctima. Estos trabajadores sufren física y psicosocialmente, y tratan de superar de varias maneras el estrés emocional posterior al episodio mediante la obtención de apoyo emocional. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar segundas víctimas entre el personal sanitario en Italia. Métodos. Esta contribución contiene los resultados de 33 entrevistas a enfermeras, médicos y otros profesionales sanitarios. Después de la aprobación institucional, la entrevista semiestructurada, compuesta por 25 preguntas, se tradujo del inglés al italiano. El entrevistador transcribió las entrevistas sonoras literalmente. A continuación se comprobó que los entrevistados hubieran experimentado las 6 etapas de recuperación posteriores al episodio de segunda víctima descritas en la bibliografía. Resultados. Los entrevistados describieron las etapas de recuperación posteriores al episodio descritas en la bibliografía, pero las etapas no se presentaron en el orden de sucesión exacto en que aparecieron en el estudio norteamericano. Todos los participantes recordaban claramente el episodio adverso e hicieron referencia a los síntomas físicos y psicosociales. El apoyo psicológico obtenido por las segundas víctimas se describió como deficiente e ineficaz. Discusión. La vía de recuperación posterior al episodio es previsible, pero no siempre se respeta con claridad, como se define en esta muestra italiana. Es necesario un futuro estudio sobre el fenómeno de la segunda víctima y las intervenciones de apoyo deseadas para entender la experiencia y las intervenciones para atenuar el perjuicio de los futuros médicos. Cada día, trabajadores sanitarios se convierten en segundas víctimas, y teniendo en cuenta que los recursos humanos son el patrimonio más importante de las infraestructuras sanitarias, después de un episodio adverso es muy importante ejecutar programas de intervención válidos para apoyar y formar a estos trabajadores (AU)

The determinants of defensive medicine in Italian hospitals: The impact of being a second victim / Los determinantes de la medicina defensiva en hospitales italianos: el efecto de ser una segunda víctima

Background. Defensive medicine affects healthcare systems worldwide. The concerns and perception about medical liability could lead practitioners to practise defensive medicine. Second victim is a healthcare worker involved in an unanticipated adverse patient event. The role of being second victim and the other possible determinants for defensive medicine is mostly unclear. Objective. To study the condition of being second victim as a possible determinants of defensive medicine among Italian hospital physicians. Design, setting and participants. A secondary analysis of the database of the national survey study on the prevalence and the costs of defensive medicine in Italy that was carried out between April 2014 and June 2014 in 55 Italian hospitals was performed for this study. The demographic section of the questionnaire was selected including the physician's age, gender, specialty, activity volume, grade and the variable being a second victim after an adverse event. Results. A total sample of 1313 physicians (87.5% response rate) was used in the data analyses. Characteristics of the participants included a mean age 49.2 of years and 19.4 average years of experience. The most prominent predictor for practising defensive medicine was the physicians’ experience of being a second victim after an adverse event (OR=1.88; 95%CI, 1.38-2.57). Other determinants included age, years of experience, activity volume and risk of specialty. Conclusions. Malpractice reform, effective support to second victims in hospitals together with a systematic use of evidence-based clinical guidelines, emerged as possible recommendations for reducing defensive medicine (AU)

Antecedentes. La medicina defensiva afecta a los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo. Las preocupaciones y la percepción acerca de la responsabilidad médica podrían llevar a los médicos a ejercer la medicina defensiva. La segunda víctima es un trabajador sanitario que participa en un episodio adverso imprevisto del paciente. Sin embargo, el papel de segunda víctima y otros posibles determinantes de la medicina defensiva son poco claros. Objetivo. Estudiar la situación de segunda víctima como posible determinante de la medicina defensiva entre los médicos hospitalarios italianos. Diseño, entorno y participantes. En este estudio se realizó un análisis secundario de la base de datos de la encuesta nacional sobre prevalencia y costes de la medicina defensiva en Italia, que se había llevado a cabo entre abril y junio de 2014 en 55 hospitales italianos. Se seleccionaron los datos personales del cuestionario, como edad del médico, sexo, especialidad, volumen de la actividad, grado y la variable de ser segunda víctima después de un episodio adverso. Resultados. Se utilizó una muestra total de 1.313 médicos (87,5% de tasa de respuesta) en el análisis de datos. Las características de los participantes incluyeron una media de edad de 49,2 años y 19,4 años de experiencia por término medio. El factor predisponente más importante para la práctica de la medicina defensiva fue la experiencia de los médicos de haber sido segunda víctima después de un episodio adverso (OR=1,88; IC 95%: 1,38-2,57). Otros factores determinantes fueron: edad, años de experiencia, volumen de la actividad y riesgo de la especialidad. Conclusiones. La reforma de la responsabilidad médica, un apoyo efectivo a segundas víctimas en hospitales y un uso sistemático de las guías clínicas basadas en la evidencia se presentaron como posibles recomendaciones para la reducción de la medicina defensiva (AU)

Serious reportable events within the inpatient mental health care: Impact on physicians and nurses / Episodios graves notificables en atención hospitalaria de salud mental: repercusiones en médicos y enfermeras

Objectives. To investigate the prevalence of physicians and nurses involved in an adverse event within mental health. Materials and methods. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was performed. Six Flemish psychiatric hospitals (Belgium) participated in this exploratory cross-sectional study. All psychiatrists and nurses working in these hospitals were invited to complete an online questionnaire in March 2013. Results. 28 psychiatrists and 252 nurses completed the survey. 205 (73%) of the 280 respondents were personally involved at least once in an adverse event within their entire career. Respondents reported that the adverse event with the greatest impact was related to suicide in almost 64% of the cases. About one in eight respondents considered quitting their job because of it. Almost 18% declared that due to the impact of the event, they believed that the quality of the administered care was affected for longer than one month. Respondents stated that they received much support of colleagues (95%), the chief nurse (86%) and the partner (71%). Colleagues seemed to be most supportive in the recovery process. Conclusions. Physicians and nurses working in inpatient mental health care may be at high risk to being confronted with an adverse event at some point in their career. The influence on health professionals involved in an adverse event on their work is particularly important in the first 4-24h. Professionals at those moments had higher likelihood to be involved in another adverse event. Institutions should seriously consider giving support almost at that time (AU)

Objetivos. Investigar la prevalencia de médicos y enfermeras implicados en un episodio adverso en salud mental. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo y transversal. Seis hospitales psiquiátricos de Flandes (Bélgica) participaron en este estudio transversal de exploración. Se solicitó a todos los psiquiatras y enfermeras que trabajan en estos hospitales que completaran un cuestionario en línea en marzo de 2013. Resultados. Veintiocho psiquiatras y 252 enfermeras respondieron la encuesta. Doscientos cinco (73%) de los 280 encuestados participaron personalmente, al menos una vez, en un episodio adverso en toda su carrera. Los encuestados informaron de que el episodio adverso con mayores repercusiones estuvo relacionado con el suicidio en casi el 64% de los casos. Aproximadamente, uno de cada 8 encuestados consideró dejar el trabajo a causa de ello. Casi el 18% declaró que, debido a las repercusiones del episodio, creían que la calidad de la atención administrada se vio afectada durante más de un mes. Los encuestados declararon que recibieron mucho apoyo por parte de sus colegas (95%), la enfermera jefe (86%) y la pareja (71%). Al parecer, los compañeros fueron los más comprensivos en el proceso de recuperación. Conclusiones. Los médicos y enfermeras que trabajan en atención hospitalaria de salud mental pueden correr un gran riesgo de enfrentarse a un episodio adverso en algún momento de su carrera. La influencia de los profesionales sanitarios implicados en un episodio adverso en su trabajo es especialmente importante en las primeras 4-24h. Los profesionales en esos momentos tenían mayor probabilidad de verse implicados en otro episodio adverso. Las instituciones deberían considerar seriamente el hecho de prestar apoyo casi en el mismo momento (AU)

Personal, situational and organizational aspects that influence the impact of patient safety incidents: A qualitative study / Aspectos personales, situacionales y organizacionales que influyen en la repercusión de incidentes adversos durante una intervención sanitaria: un estudio cualitativo

Objectives. When a patient safety incident (PSI) occurs, not only the patient, but also the involved health professional can suffer. This study focused on this so-called ‘second victim’ of a patient safety incident and aimed to examine: (1) experienced symptoms in the aftermath of a patient safety incident; (2) applied coping strategies; (3) the received versus needed support and (4) the aspects that influenced whether one becomes a second victim. Materials and methods. Thirty-one in-depth interviews were performed with physicians, nurses and midwives who have been involved in a patient safety incident. Results. The symptoms were categorized under personal and professional impact. Both problem focused and emotion focused coping strategies were used in the aftermath of a PSI. Problem focused strategies such as performing a root cause analysis and the opportunity to learn from what happened were the most appreciated, but negative emotional responses such as repression and flight were common. Support from colleagues and supervisors who were involved in the same event, peer supporters or professional experts were the most needed. A few individuals described emotional support from the healthcare institution as unwanted. Rendered support was largely dependent on the organizational culture, a stigma remained among healthcare professionals to openly discuss patient safety incidents. Three aspects influenced the extent to which a healthcare professional became a second victim: personal, situational and organizational aspects. Conclusion. These findings indicated that a multifactorial approach including individual and emotional support to second victims is crucial (AU)

Objetivos. Cuando se produce un incidente adverso durante una intervención sanitaria, no solo puede sufrir el paciente, sino también el profesional sanitario implicado. Este estudio se centró en la conocida como ‘segunda víctima’ de un incidente adverso durante una intervención y su objetivo fue evaluar: 1) los síntomas experimentados a raíz de un incidente adverso durante una intervención sanitaria; 2) las estrategias de afrontamiento que se aplicaron; 3) el apoyo recibido frente al apoyo necesario, y 4) los aspectos que influyeron en que uno se convirtiera en una segunda víctima. Material y métodos. Se llevaron a cabo 31 entrevistas exhaustivas con médicos, enfermeras y comadronas que habían estado involucrados en un incidente adverso durante una intervención. Resultados. Los síntomas se clasificaron por repercusión personal y profesional. Se utilizaron estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema y en la emoción después de un incidente adverso durante una intervención. Las estrategias centradas en el problema, como el análisis de la causa primordial y la oportunidad de aprender de lo sucedido, fueron las más apreciadas, pero las respuestas emocionales negativas, como represión y huida, eran frecuentes. Lo más necesitado era el apoyo de colegas y supervisores que participaron en la misma intervención, partidarios de los compañeros o expertos profesionales. Algunas personas describen el apoyo emocional de la institución sanitaria como no deseado. El apoyo prestado depende, en gran medida, de la cultura organizacional, aunque entre los profesionales sanitarios subsiste el estigma de hablar abiertamente de incidentes adversos durante una intervención. Tres aspectos influyeron en la medida en que un profesional sanitario se convirtió en una segunda víctima: aspectos personales, situacionales y organizacionales. Conclusión. Estos resultados indicaron que es fundamental un enfoque multifactorial que incluya apoyo individual y emocional a la segunda víctima (AU)

Serious reportable events within the inpatient mental health care: Impact on physicians and nurses.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of physicians and nurses involved in an adverse event within mental health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was performed. Six Flemish psychiatric hospitals (Belgium) participated in this exploratory cross-sectional study. All psychiatrists and nurses working in these hospitals were invited to complete an online questionnaire in March 2013. RESULTS: 28 psychiatrists and 252 nurses completed the survey. 205 (73%) of the 280 respondents were personally involved at least once in an adverse event within their entire career. Respondents reported that the adverse event with the greatest impact was related to suicide in almost 64% of the cases. About one in eight respondents considered quitting their job because of it. Almost 18% declared that due to the impact of the event, they believed that the quality of the administered care was affected for longer than one month. Respondents stated that they received much support of colleagues (95%), the chief nurse (86%) and the partner (71%). Colleagues seemed to be most supportive in the recovery process. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians and nurses working in inpatient mental health care may be at high risk to being confronted with an adverse event at some point in their career. The influence on health professionals involved in an adverse event on their work is particularly important in the first 4-24h. Professionals at those moments had higher likelihood to be involved in another adverse event. Institutions should seriously consider giving support almost at that time.

Incidence of oncological pathologies 2002-2010 in the southwestern Piedmont area, province of Vercelli, neighbouring municipalities of former nuclear sites.

The Vercelli Province counts two former nuclear installations: a radioactive waste disposal area in Saluggia and a former nuclear power plant in Trino. This study takes also into account four other neighbouring municipalities, counting 20,000 total inhabitants. We studied the incidence of neoplastic pathologies in the 2002-2010 period. The data sources were Hospital Discharge Form (SDO), histological reports from the Registry of Hospital Charts (RHC) and Italy's National Statistics Institute (ISTAT) reports, and the Cancer Register of Turin. The research highlights the excesses for all type of cancers (SIR=1,11; IC 1,04-1,18), including the ones of nervous system (SIR=2,23 IC 1,47-2,98), leukaemia (SIR=1,94 IC 1,35-2,52), and bones (SIR=12,0 IC 9,22-14,7), according to different aggregation levels by age, sex and housing area. Considering such results, previous studies, and the environmental and occupational risk factors in the area, we believe that further epidemiological and environmental studies should be conducted in this area.

Personal, situational and organizational aspects that influence the impact of patient safety incidents: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: When a patient safety incident (PSI) occurs, not only the patient, but also the involved health professional can suffer. This study focused on this so-called "second victim" of a patient safety incident and aimed to examine: (1) experienced symptoms in the aftermath of a patient safety incident; (2) applied coping strategies; (3) the received versus needed support and (4) the aspects that influenced whether one becomes a second victim. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one in-depth interviews were performed with physicians, nurses and midwives who have been involved in a patient safety incident. RESULTS: The symptoms were categorized under personal and professional impact. Both problem focused and emotion focused coping strategies were used in the aftermath of a PSI. Problem focused strategies such as performing a root cause analysis and the opportunity to learn from what happened were the most appreciated, but negative emotional responses such as repression and flight were common. Support from colleagues and supervisors who were involved in the same event, peer supporters or professional experts were the most needed. A few individuals described emotional support from the healthcare institution as unwanted. Rendered support was largely dependent on the organizational culture, a stigma remained among healthcare professionals to openly discuss patient safety incidents. Three aspects influenced the extent to which a healthcare professional became a second victim: personal, situational and organizational aspects. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that a multifactorial approach including individual and emotional support to second victims is crucial.

Cancer risk among farmers in the Province of Vercelli (Italy) from 2002 to 2005: an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: As the link between agricultural pesticides and numerous types of human cancers is wellknown. Farmers living in the Province of Vercelli (Italy) were observed to verify if they have a higher cancer risk than the rest of the local employed population. Literature showed a well-known excess of cancer morbidity and mortality in the Province of Vercelli, but only few studies focused on cancer incidence in local farmers. Studying farmers could allow to assess the causal importance respectively of environmental pressure and professional exposure factors in explaining cancer excesses in the above-mentioned area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present ecological study considered all cancer new cases recorded among the mean employed population with a range of age from 25 to 84 years and resident in the Province of Vercelli during the four-year period 2002-2005. Cancer odds ratios, by gender and type of cancer, between farmers and non-farmers were calculated. RESULTS: Farmers showed a higher risk for the following tumors: colorectal (OR 2.38, IC95%: 1,76-2,87), leaukaemia (OR 2.65, IC95%:2,12-2,89), digestive system (OR 2.16, IC95% 1,92-2,33), lymphoma OR 2.08, IC95%:1,99-2,23), melanoma (OR 2.90, IC95%:2,54-3,15), myeloma OR 3.55, IC95%:3,23-3,70), pancreas OR 3.38, IC95%:3,14-3,61), lung (1.59, IC95%:1,12-2,38) and kidney (2.70, IC95%:2,41-2,99). Males showed a higher risk for lung cancer, females for liver neoplasm, melanoma and lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: Farmers showed a higher risk for several cancers. Further studies are needed, in order to examine in detail the issue, to encourage the use of personal protective equipment and to promote a more responsible pesticides use.

Geographical and epidemiological analysis of oncological mortality in a Municipality of North-Western Italy Vercelli years 2000-2009.

BACKGROUND: We performed a geographic analysis study on mortality in the town of Vercelli, in order to respond to the concerns of the population and some local administrators. Main reason to carry out a detailed and sophisticated study for a city of medium-small size was represented by the presence of various sources of environmental and industrial pressure (i.e. old-generation incinerator for solid urban waste, industrial site for chemicals production, intense agricultural activity of rice production…). METHODS: The study analyzed census, ISTAT death cards, both from the epidemiological point of view with admirers that SMR standardized spatial analysis using Bayesian models. RESULTS: Overall, both approaches highlighted major risks for the area south of the capital for major cancers such as colorectal and lung and increases worthy of investigation for the young-adult age groups in both genders. And being processed a similar study that considers the incidence oncology. CONCLUSIONS: The imminent elaboration of the cartography by oncological incidence will allow us to confirm, or less, the areas in excess for the death data, and in the meanwhile observe any excesses for low mortality pathologies (e.g., thyroid) or neoplasies whose present therapies allowed complete recovery and/or very long survivals (e.g. leukaemia, lymphomas and testicle).

Evaluation of the impact of a clinical pathway on the organization of a multidisciplinary dental sleep clinic.

PURPOSE: Clinical pathways are used to organize complex care processes by providing structure and standardization. The multidisciplinary approach of oral appliance (OA) therapy for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a complex and dynamic process suitable for such a structured pathway approach. METHODS: A clinical pathway for patients referred for OA therapy was developed and implemented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of this clinical pathway on the time to delivery of the OA and the organization of the multidisciplinary dental sleep clinic (MDSC). The latter was achieved using the care process self-evaluation tool (CPSET). RESULTS: First, development and implementation of the clinical pathway gave structure and shortened the mean time to delivery by 102 days (240 ± 70 vs. 138 ± 33 days) (Mann-Whitney U: P < 0.001). Second, the CPSET scores were obtained in a cohort of 49 healthcare professionals involved in the pathway. Overall, patient-focused organization received the highest scores (80.5 ± 9.0%), whereas cooperation with primary care received the lowest score (66.7 ± 12.4%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first project on clinical pathways in OA therapy for SDB. The implementation of the pathway in our MDSC has created a significant shortening of the time to delivery. A first evaluation of the clinical pathway using the CPSET scores indicates that all disciplines involved should be thoroughly informed in an ongoing approach.

Impact of care pathways for in-hospital management of COPD exacerbation: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: In-hospital management of COPD exacerbation is suboptimal, and outcomes are poor. Care pathways are a possible strategy for optimizing care processes and outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the literature review was to explore characteristics of existing care pathways for in-hospital management of COPD exacerbations and to address their impact on performance of care processes, clinical outcomes, and team functioning. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for articles published between 1990 and 2010 in the electronic databases of Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Main inclusion criteria were (I) patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation; (II) implementation and evaluation of a care pathway; (III) report of original research, including experimental and quasi experimental designs, variance analysis, and interviews of professionals and patients about their perception on pathway effectiveness. RESULTS: Four studies with a quasi experimental design were included. Three studies used a pre-post test design; the fourth study was a non randomized controlled trial comparing an experimental group where patients were treated according to a care pathway with a control group where usual care was provided. The four studied care pathways were multidisciplinary structured care plans, outlining time-specific clinical interventions and responsibilities by discipline. Statistic analyses were rarely performed, and the trials used very divergent indicators to evaluate the impact of the care pathways. The studies described positive effects on blood sampling, daily weight measurement, arterial blood gas measurement, referral to rehabilitation, feelings of anxiety, length of stay, readmission, and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Research on COPD care pathways is very limited. The studies described few positive effects of the care pathways on diagnostic processes and on clinical outcomes. Though due to limited statistical analysis and weak design of the studies, the internal validity of results is limited. Therefore, based on these studies the impact of care pathways on COPD exacerbation is inconclusive. These findings indicate the need for properly designed research like a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of COPD care pathways on performance of care processes, clinical outcomes, and teamwork.

Effects of clinical pathways in the joint replacement: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the use of clinical pathways for hip and knee joint replacements when compared with standard medical care. The impact of clinical pathways was evaluated assessing the major outcomes of in-hospital hip and knee joint replacement processes: postoperative complications, number of patients discharged at home, length of in-hospital stay and direct costs. METHODS: Medline, Cinahl, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. The search was performed from 1975 to 2007. Each study was assessed independently by two reviewers. The assessment of methodological quality of the included studies was based on the Jadad methodological approach and on the New Castle Ottawa Scale. Data analysis abided by the guidelines set out by The Cochrane Collaboration regarding statistical methods. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan software, version 4.2. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies met the study inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis for a total sample of 6,316 patients. The aggregate overall results showed significantly fewer patients suffering postoperative complications in the clinical pathways group when compared with the standard care group. A shorter length of stay in the clinical pathway group was also observed and lower costs during hospital stay were associated with the use of the clinical pathways. No significant differences were found in the rates of discharge to home. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis show that clinical pathways can significantly improve the quality of care even if it is not possible to conclude that the implementation of clinical pathways is a cost-effective process, because none of the included studies analysed the cost of the development and implementation of the pathways. Based on the results we assume that pathways have impact on the organisation of care if the care process is structured in a standardised way, teams critically analyse the actual organisation of the process and the multidisciplinary team is highly involved in the re-organisation. Further studies should focus on the evaluation of pathways as complex interventions to help to understand which mechanisms within the clinical pathways can really improve the quality of care. With the need for knee and hip joint replacement on the rise, the use of clinical pathways might contribute to better quality of care and cost-effectiveness.